Mass programming Essay Example for Free

Mass programming Essay PLDs are standard ICs, available in standard configurations. They are sold in high volume to many different customers. PLDs may be configured or programmed to create a part customized to a specific application. They have a single large block of programmable interconnect and consist of a matrix of logic macrocells that usually consists of programmable array logic followed by a flip-flop or latch. Types of PLDs are PROM, EPROM, PAL and PLA. PROM uses metal fuse that can be blown permanently. EPROM uses programmable MOS transistors whose characteristics are altering by applying a high voltage. PAL or Programmable Array Logic consists of a programmable AND logic array or AND plane, and fixed OR plane. PLA or Programmable Logic Array has a programmable AND plane followed by programmable OR plane. Based on type of programming PLDs may be classified as Erasable PLD (EPLD) and Mask-programmed PLD. It is characterized by customized mask layer and logic cells (Smith, 1997: 14). (Smith, 1997) Advantages Fast design turnaround. Disadvantages Mass programming is not possible. It is more complex than PLDs. A field programmable gate array is a VLSI circuit that can be programmed in the user’s location. A typical FPGA consists of an array of hundreds or thousands of logic blocks surrounded by programmable input and output blocks and connected together via programmable interconnections. There is a wide variety of internal configuration within these devices. The performance of each device depends on the circuit contained in their logic blocks and their efficiency of their programmed inter connections. Here none of mask layers are customized. There exists a method for programming basic cells and the interconnect. The core of FPGA is a regular array of combinational and sequential programmable basic logic cells. It has a matrix of programmable interconnect that surrounds the basic cells and programmable I/O cells around the core. A typical FPGA block consists of look up tables, multiplexers, gates and flipflops. The look up table is a truth table stored in a SRAM and provides a combinational circuit functions for the logic blocks. These functions are realized from the truth table stored in the SRAM (Smith, 1997: 16). (Smith, 1997) Advantages Design turnaround is a few hours The truth table can be re-programmable. Easy to layout on PCBs. Disadvantages The memory is volatile and presents the need for the look up table content to be reloaded when power is disrupted. Routing is easily blocked. The design requires extensive CAD tools to facilitate the synthesis procedure. FPGAs may be broadly classified as homogenous and heterogeneous FPGAs. As the name implies homogenous consists of only one type of logic cell and heterogeneous contains different types of logic cells. They can also be classified as Island type, Hierarchical and Row based FPGAs. Island Type FPGA It is common to Xilinx and Altera. Here, the logic blocks are arranged in a matrix form. They are interconnected by horizontal and vertical routing wires. The routing wires are connected using programmable routing switches. (Sharma, 2005) Hierarchical FPGAs It comprises of a tree based interconnect structure. The leaves represent logic blocks. Two types of connecting boxes are present. The hexagon shaped boxes represent non compressing switches (no. of root going tracks = twice the no. of incoming tracks) and the diamond shaped boxes represent compressing switches (no. of root going tracks = no. of incoming tracks).

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) in Australia Essay -- Media, Televis

The public service broadcasting can be seen as an agent to deliver information and innovative ideas in a democratic society. Syvertsen (1999) has mentioned three meanings of public service, firstly as the public function whereas government supply services such as roads, public transport, etc, secondly as the public sphere in which people of a society involve for common good purpose, lastly was the broadcasting in the service of listener or viewer. This essay attempts to argue the need of sustaining the Public Service Broadcasting especially in Australia. In Australia there are two public service broadcasting institutions: the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). ABC is modelled after the BBC and aims to provide information and entertainment services of general interest and traditional public service content on TV and radio; SBS aims to provide a more specialized service of multicultural and multilingual programming (reference). The SBS focused on fulfilling the media needs of Australia’s culturally diverse population. Both broadcasters are public corporations operating under Charters endorsed by Australia’s federal Parliament (reference,Mendel). The Charter particularly advises the ABC to produce its main component programming on educational broadcasts. The ABC also required to presents the multiculturalism of the Australian society; provide a sense of national identity and information as well as entertainment through promoting music, drama, and other performing arts in Australia (Mendel). Whilst, the Charter requires the SBS to produce multilingual and multicultural radio and television services that inform, educate, and entertain Australian people, and at the same time re... ...tricted by channel capacity and it can provide diverse audiences at once. Moreover, with the online internet anyone can gather all information they need as well as the social networking in ways that people can interact in real time even from the distance and lay bare to a new perspective of democracy. From that standpoint, the young generation will even consider the difficulty public service broadcasters will face. In conclusion, public service broadcasting is seen as form of governance rather than individual form of media institution. Indeed, the challenge for the State funded broadcasting is the emerged of the cultural diversity and the complex development between citizen and national public interest. In order to assert he public value, relevancy as well as public resources then the public service organization should managed it effectively.

The Theme of Music in Captain Corelli’s Mandolin

‘She realised suddenly that there was something about music that had never been revealed to her before: it was not merely the production of sweet sound; it was, to those who understood it, an emotional and intellectual odyssey.' The theme of music takes on many forms and is central to understanding many characters and situations in the novel. The title of the novel itself mentions the all-important Mandolin, which emphasizes its importance beyond anything else. When we are first introduced to Captain Corelli's mandolin, it is instantly evident that he has given it a woman's name, Antonia, personifying the object. He also refers to the playing of the instrument as if it is crying in his arms as he plays it. As the main focus in this book is eventually the relationship between Pelagia and Corelli, music appears to play an important role in this relationship. Pelagia cannot work out why it is that a talented musician would settle for a life in the army, and it is this mystique and talent that attracts her to the Captain. There are evident fronts that both Pelagia and Corelli both put on, Pelagia as the innocent and stern Greek who's duty it is to hate the Italians, and Corelli as the Italian soldier getting drunk with prostitutes. But it seems that when Corelli begins to play his mandolin, both these fronts disappear to be replaced by Pelagia's genuine admiration and Corelli's genuine love for the instrument. The link between the mandolin and the relationship is made clear by Corelli's comparison of the instrument to Pelagia as well as the sound it makes: ‘How like Pelagia is a mandolin, how gracious and how lovely' ‘I think of Pelagia in terms of chords' Not only does the mandolin and its sounds reflect the attraction of the couple, but it also sums up quite perfectly the situation that prevents them from being lovers, as Corelli mentions in chapter 42. ‘Pelagia is sad and I pick up Antonia and play re minor. She looks up and says â€Å"That's exactly how I was feeling, how did you know?† and I would have liked to have said, â€Å"Pelagia I love you, and that is how I know†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ The theme of song appears throughout the novel, many characters display a need and a use for music and this becomes evident when considering this theme. The uses for music in the novel are varied and it is interesting to compare each use of music in different situations to gain insight into its value. Lemoni, the innocent and pure child that everyone in the villiage has time for uses song to keep her amused, and to create a relationship with the wild animals she loves so much. It is mentioned that insanity is only acceptable when one is a child, and Lemoni's attempts to teach a stray dog to sing in chapter 9. ‘†He's singing! He's singing!† Cried Lemoni and joined in â€Å"A-ee-ra, a-ee-ra, a-eera† She also plays with the crickets and gets herself bitten by one. It is not mentioned but perhaps Lemoni is drawn to the loud song of the cricket and may have attempted to sing along with them too. Her purity and wild, uncorrupted interpretation of the songs of the animals seem to bring her closer to them. We never see Lemoni playing with the other children in the villiage, perhaps there are none but it would appear more likely that she seeks her companionship in the singing animals she spends all her time with. Another example in the novel where song is used for an alternative reason is when the brigands are found by Carlo and Francesco, drunk and singing in the tower that they have seized by force. One would assume that any outlaws would be lying low, or on heavy guard for attackers, but it seems this half-hearted war against people not really considered to be the enemy has brought out the side of the soldiers that would prefer to be drunk and mid-song than armed and waiting for combat. This element makes it that little bit harder for Carlo and Francesco to kill these men not so different from themselves, but in times of war these feelings are expected to be brushed aside by soldiers. ‘There was the sound of singing from the tower, and it seemed they must have been a little drunk' But it is not just the situation of war that brings about song in the characters in the novel, it seems that any chance of celebration, whether it be a small victory, the ringing of the church bells, a tradition or the arrival of an expected miracle requires musical accompaniment of some sort. ‘Finally arrived at the point where singing was both natural and inevitable, they sang together a cantada' So from Corelli's gentlemen's singing club, to Lemoni's singing animals, and the composition of Pelagia's march, it is not difficult to identify the importance of music, song and sound in Captain Corelli's Mandolin.

Hedonic Hedonic And Hedonic Treadmill - 1170 Words

Hedonic adaptation the human’s ability to reduce the damage of major trauma cause by the impact of major emotional events that occur. Also known as the Hedonic Treadmill, Hedonic adaptation is defined by its use of a set point that defines the constant level of happiness a person generally feels. This set point is permanently defined by the individual person and should never change due to impacts from environmental situations. No matter the problems a person is faced with, his or her overall happiness will, depending on situation and mental regards, reset itself at a certain unchanged point. As mentioned before, Hedonic adaptation is also called the Hedonic Treadmill due to its comparison to a treadmill. Like a treadmill, to maintain Hedonic Adaptation a person must keep working in order to maintain a his or her set point level of happiness. This comparison was first said by Brickman and Campbell in an article in 1971. In order to use a treadmill, a person must keep a constant speed to his or her stride. This is very similar to how Hedonic adaptation relates to a person s life. The person must keep a set level of happiness to continue to survive and not fall on their face, like on a treadmill. Other psychologists have compared the mechanism to a thermostat, thus claiming it has the ability to always be constantly changing, like temperature. The comparison shows that happiness has an average level, like temperature, but also has the ability to rise and fall. FurtherShow MoreRelatedNotes On Life Greatest Treasure 882 Words   |  4 Pagesfulfill my dream ill still mak e it to the eternal happiness, once I’m wiser. What most surprised me about the percentages, was that 50% was DNA. Probably my dad is as happy as me, but hes not the type of show his emotions. 4. The hedonic treadmill, also known as hedonic adaptation, is the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes. I believe that it’s necessary for a human to come back to a neutralRead MoreA Life Of Tranquility : The One For Me?1267 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain in more detail throughout this paper. II. A life of Prudence My first attempt to understanding, how a life of tranquility may be the most pleasant life is to understand the concepts behind a life of tranquility along with understanding a hedonic lifestyle. In doing this I hope to lay the groundwork to further explore how these two interact with each other. According to Epicurus, a life of tranquility is one where a person (for the sake of the paper we will follow the character Christian)Read MoreHuman Beings and Happiness Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthe factors that affect happiness, and how happiness can be achieved. Happiness has been identified as primarily good, contributing to personal achievement, and in encouraging pro-social behavior. One important discovery related to SWB is the hedonic treadmill, which is â€Å"the idea that our emotional systems adjust to almost anything that happens in our lives, good or bad.† The consequence of such a theory is that while there may be increases or decreases in happiness among individuals, especially inRead MoreReview Of Six Myths About The Good Life 1492 Words   |  6 Pageshe it â€Å"may represent a tendency that is wired into normal human nature† (Kupperman 1). Through the explanation of pleasure as well as its arguable counterpart, suffering and the discussion of t heir values in addition to the counterargument of hedonic treadmill, Kupperman’s views about the role of pleasure in living a good life can be strongly supported and evaluated. As Kupperman states, although â€Å"happiness† and pleasure are used interchangeably, there is a distinct difference between the two. WhileRead MoreNo Impact Man by Colin Beaver1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthe hedonic treadmill. In his book, Beaver describes the treadmill concept as this never-ending cycle where we try so hard to consume everlasting happiness through major or minor events and yet our state of pleasure remains fairly constant without any lasting effect on our well-being. However, with that statement, I beg to differ. Despite major events in our lives not having the capacity to improve our well-being permanently, small and consistent minor events can. The term hedonic treadmill wasRead MoreThe Positive Side Of Interpersonal Communication1126 Words   |  5 Pagescondition can create and destroy our environment depending on how we perceive it. In positive psychology, there are two forms of happiness: Hedonic and Eudemonic. The development of these two forms can lead to an awakening of ones self in order to enhance our interaction with others. First, let me define and describe with an example what each form is. â€Å"Hedonic happiness refers to â€Å"maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. (pg. 5)† An example of this would typically be represented by finding pleasureRead MoreWhat Is Meant By The Term Positive Psychology?1324 Words   |  6 Pagesmake a change or help others put your heart into it. As we all learn to take life by the horns so to speak, we will chose our path through this mess called life. Psychologist has taken time to study another idea, theory, call the hedonic treadmill or also known as the hedonic adaptation. Every person currently walking on the earth has a certain level of happiness about them. Think about yourself, as a general rule do you feel mostly happy, sad or just content with life? This idea states that â€Å"no matterRead MorePursuit of Happiness647 Words   |  3 Pagesbe influenced by our circumstances, but it isn’t dependent on it. According to the author we each have a personal range level of positive and negative emotion, the range may be inherited from our parents. Another barrier many face is the â€Å"hedonic treadmill† which causes us to rapidly and inevitably adapt to good things by taking them for granted. The thing we work so hard to achieve or buy, once we acquire it, it no longer makes us happy: we need to get something even better to boost our levelRead MoreThe Social Psychology Of Happiness1586 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are three main factors that contribute to happiness; close social relationships, the ratio of negative events over positive events in relationships and culture and well-being (Diener Oishi, 2004). Another minor finding discussed is the hedonic treadmill of adaptation which essentially the theory that life stresses and pleasures only provides temporary sadness or happiness. In other words, the effect it has neutralizes with time and adaptation to it occurs. Spending time with close friends andRead MoreEssay on Hedonism Is the Driving Force in Happiness500 Words   |  2 PagesGilbert and Kupperman are in agreement that hedonism does in fact drive the happiness. However, they disagree on the modes of hedonism, mainly due to descriptions of psychological and theological evidence. Kupperman essentially suggests that the hedonic treadmill will continue if people do not forgo pleasuresand an attempt to achieve comfort, as per the Buddhist ideology. Not always, Kupperman states, do pleasures and comfort come without some mental and physical discomfort, but that is what makes the